The ENTRACTE research project assessed the EUs climate policy portfolio. While the EU ETS is key to promote the transition towards a low-carbon economy, ambitious GHG emissions reductions will be reached only if this scheme is improved and supported by complementary policies. A carefully considered policy design has to take into account existing market failures other than the climate externality, suboptimal outcomes of international agreements, the necessity to secure competitiveness and reduce carbon leakage and the co-existence and interaction with several other political goals. ENTRACTE looked at the EU ETS and additional policy instruments like energy efficiency standards, renewable policies, carbon taxes, innovation policies, and trade measures. ENTRACTE provided a deep understanding of how climate policy instruments interact with each other and with related policy instruments. It took the real-world and its imperfections comprehensively into account and considered practical barriers in the implementation (like information asymmetry, uncertainty, political and legal constraints, behavioural aspects). ENTRACTE integrated empirical findings from ex-post assessments using broad sets of empirical data as well as ex-ante analyses with simulation models and experimental approaches with theoretical findings in order to optimize the policy mix. By adopting a project-wide harmonization of assumptions and scenarios about the current and future policy environment, ENTRACTE allowed to pursue an integrated approach and to arrive at a synthesis of research results which identified strengths and weaknesses of different instrument mixes. Based on these findings, ENTRACTE made a major step in providing practically applicable recommendations for policy makers on how to design the environmentally effective, economically efficient and politically and legally feasible climate policy mix needed to achieve medium-term and long-term GHG reduction targets in Europe.